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Sunday, June 2, 2013

cyber law (any one who wish to read must have the font amalee) in sinhala


this artical  comes with the curtecy of  thishantha wijayakoon  of colombo university who holding a first class honer
mrs.kl kS;sh
CYBER LAW



;sIdka; úchfldaka
kS;sh ms<sno f.!rj WmdêOdrS




wkd.; f,dalh cSj;a lrjk cSjk yqiaujkafka mrs.klhs' tfia kï mrs.kl f,dalhlag Wjukd kS;Ska jy jyd ks¾udkh lsrSug isÿjkq we;af;ah' jir ish.kklska ixfIdakh ù ke;s kS;s wkmk;a fndfyduhla ixfIdaok wfmalaIdfjka wod, wdh;kj, lÿ .eiS ;sìhoS w¨;a mrs.kl kS;s ks¾udkh lsrSu ms,sno l=uk l;doehs flfkl= úuish yel' tfy;a h;d¾;h kï ljqreka leu;s jqjo ke;o ? ksosjrd fyda kj mrs.kl kS;s mekùug isÿjk njhs' kS;s ks¾udmlhkao kS;s mkjkq,nkakkao kS;s úIdrohskao kS;s isiqkao kS;s{hka iy úksiqrkao hk ish,kagu kj mrs.kl kS;shg yev.eiSug isÿjkq we;af;a isysfklÿ fkdis;k ;rï blauka ld,hla ;=,oSh' fujeks ;;ajhla we;sjkafka l=uk fya;= ksidoehs ksoiqka weiqfrka oeka úuid n,uq'

) ks,jrkhg wod, m;s%ldjla uqøkh lr.ekSu ioyd uqøkd,hlg hk kS;smSgfha isrsmd,isxyg oek.kakg ,efnkafka mrs.kl ffjrihla fya;=fldgf.k uqøkd,fha lghq;= wvd, ù we;s nj kï" Ökfha fyda weursldfõ ksmojq ffjrihla ksid mrs.kl ms,sno lsisjla fkdokakd kS;smSgfha isrsmd,isxy wirk fjhs' Uyqg ks,jrkhg fmr m;s%ldj fnodyerSug fkdyels fjhs'

) k.rfha ;rekhka lSmfofkl= úiska weu;sjrfhl=f.a fl%äá ldâmf;ys wxlh fidrdf.k winh Ñ;%má krUk w;r tu mqj;a rg;=, m%lg jkafka weu;sjrhd úiska winh Ñ;%má ne¨ f,ighs' ;udf.a ldâ mf;ys uqo,a wvqùula ñil Ñ;%má ms,snoj lsisjla fkdokakd weu;sjrhdg ;u foaImd,k wkd.;h ms,sno m%Iakhla we;sfjhs'

) rgl úreoao mlaI kdhlhdg Bfï,a u.ska tjk ,smshla wdkavqfõ flfkl= úiska fidrlï lr we;s nj m%isoao ùu fuysoS ;j;a ksoiqklg .;yelsh' ;u jhdmdrsl lghq;= ioyd Bfï,a fhdod.kakd úfoaI wdfhdaclfhl= fuu mqj;ska le,USu ksid tu rg ;=, lrkakg .sh wdfhdackh kj;doeuqjfyd;a Bfï,a fidrlu hk lrek " mrs.kl f,dalfhka ìug nei" wE; .ïokjqjl /lshdúrys; ;rekfhl=f.a nv.skaor ms,sno m%Iakhla njg m;afjhs' tu ;rekhd cSú;hg mrs.klhla fkdolsk ,o wfhl= úh yel' tmrsoafokau fuf;la l,la okavkS;s ix.%yh lshjq kS;s lafIa;%hg" Bfï,a fidrlu l=uk kS;shla hgf;a jrola fõo @ th udkj whs;sjdislïj,g n,mdkafka flfiao wdoS w¨;a m%Iak we;sfjhs'

fuu ksoiqka j,ska meyeos,s jkafka wm lue;s jqj;a ke;;a wmf.a wdrlaIdj ioydu wfya;= ld,hloS mrs.kl kS;sh fj; msúiSug isÿù we;s njhs' j¾;udk kS;Ska wo f,dalhg jeo.;a jkjdg jvd mrs.kl kS;Ska fyg f,dalhg jeo.;a jkq we;' tfyhska oeka oekau mrs.kl kS;sh ms,sno oekqj;a ùu jeo.;ah' YS% ,xld rcho úÿ,s ixfoaI kshdul fldñiu msysgqùu " úÿ,s ixfoai mk; yd 1995 wxl 14 ork idlaIs úfIaI úosúodk mk; wdosh ;=,ska mrs.kl kS;shg uq,mqrd we;' fï oskj, mrs.kl wmrdo kS;sh ms,sno wìkj mk;la flgqïm;a fjñka mj;S'

1995 wxl 14 ork idlaIs úfIaI úosúodk mk; jq l,S tys yeoskaùfuys oelafjk mrsos isú,a iy wmrdo kvq lghq;= j,oS I%jh ÿIh frfldavk iy mrs.kl u.ska ,nd.kakd m%ldYj, we;=,;a f;dr;=re idlaIs jIfhka wdfõIkh lsrSu ioyd úosúodk ie,iSu msksi iy ta yd iïnkao fyda Bg wkqIx.sl lrekq iïnkaofhka úosúodk ie,eiaùu msksi jq mk;ls' ksoiqkla f,i rfÜ kdhlhdg tfrisj rcfha uqøkd,fhkau lsishï winh m;s%ldjla uqøkh lsrSfï isoaoshla fy,s jqjd hehs is;uq' fuysoS wod, m;%sldj ,shk ,o wh" uqøkhg hejq wh iy tajd ilia l, fõ,djka hk ish,a, tu uqøkd,fha mrs.klh ;=, iajhxlS%hj ^ñksia ueosy;aùulska f;drj& ;eñm;a fjhs' wod, jrolrejka kS;sh yuqjg meñkùu ioyd mrs.kl.; tu f;dr;=re idlaIs jIfhka jeo.;ah' tfy;a merks idlaIs mk; hgf;a tnÿ mrs.kluh idlaIs ms,s.ekSu ms,snoj woslrkhg u.fmkaùula fkdfõ' kj mk; u.ska mqrjd we;af;a tu wvqjhs' fuu mkf;a mrs.klhg kS;suh w¾;ksrEmk imhd we;af;a fufiahs' tkï  -- mrs.klh hkafkka " f;dr;=re /ialsrSu yd ilia lsrSu  tys l¾;jhj,g we;=,;a jkakdjq hï Wml%uhla woyia fõ' --  wdoS jifhks' tu mkf;a __w;ayerekq lrekq -- hk IS¾Ih hgf;a olajd we;s úodko fuys,d oelaùu jeo.;a fjhs' mkf;a 2 ks j.ka;shg wkqj tu mkaf;a úosúodk wod, lsrSfïoS mekk.skakdjq fyda Bg wdkqIx.sl jkakd jqo tu mkf;a úosúodk i,iajd fkdue;s jqo lrekq iïnkaofhka  idlaIs wd{dmkf;a fyda fjkhï ,sls; kS;shl úosúodk iqÿiq .,md.ekSï iys;j ms,sf.k wod, lr.; hq;=h' 3ks j.ka;shg wkqj wod, .eg¨j iïnkaofhka tjeks ,sì; kS;shla fyda fkdue;af;akï woslrkhg hqla;sh bgqlsrSu ioyd ;u ffki¾.sl n,h fhdod  ;skaÿjla .; yelsfjhs' fuhska meyeos,s jkafka jhjia;diïmdolhska úiska mrs.kl kS;sh miso,Su ms,sno jeä j.lSula kS;s{hkag yd úksiqrejkag mjrd we;s njhs'



fndfyda rgj, úIajúohd,hkays kS;smSg u.ska mrs.kl kS;s yeoErSu ms,sno úfIai jhdmD;s osh;a lr we;s w;r we;eï kS;s mSg j, fuu kS;sh ioyd foaIk meje;aùuo wdrïn lr ;sfí' Bg wu;rj úúo kS;s wdh;k úiska kS;sh ms,sno jeo.;a f,alk'fmd;m; yd kvq;Skaÿ jd¾;d wka;¾cd,hg tlalr we;' ksoiqkla f,i uyd ì%;dkhfha idñ uka;S% ukav,fha kvq ;Srk  http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/ld199697/ldjudgmt/ldjudgmt.htm hk fjn ,smskfha  wka;¾.; fldg we;' http://www.urich.edu/~jpjones/confinder/const.htm  hk wvúh ;=, YS% ,xldfõ fhdacs; wdkavql%u jhjia;dj we;=¨j f,dalfha iEu wdkavql%u jhjia;djlau wvx.= fjhs' tu f;dr;=reuh iïm;a iïndrfhka m%fhdackh ,nd.ekSfuys,d fndfyda kS;s mSg yd úIaj úohd, ;u isiqkag mrs.kl myiqlï i,iajd we;s w;r mrs.kl úohdj (Computer Science) kS;s isiqkag wksjd¾h úihla njg m;alr ;sfn[1]z' kS;sh yeoErSfïoS fndfyda úg ixikaokd;aul f;dr;=re jeo.;a jk ksid f,dj mqrd isák kS;s isiqka uqk.iajd Tjqka w;r Bfï,a mksúv yqjudre flfrk jhdmD;so mj;S[2]' ;udg Wjukd kS;sh fyda kvq ;Skaÿ blaukska fidhd.ekSu ioyd mrs.klh w;sIhska m%fhdackj;a nj kS;s{fhda iy úksiqfrda wjfndao lr.ksñka isá;s'

ó,.g wmg wka rgj, tu w;aoelSï weiqfrka fuu mrs.kl kS;sfha uq,sl yevrej flnÿoehs úuid ne,sh yelsh fõ' ta wkqj wo jkúg u,hdishdj wdoS wdishdkq rgj, ixj¾okh ù we;s mrs.kl kS;sfhys wkq wxI my; mrsos fm,.eiaúh yelsh'

1.                  International Cyber Law fyj;a wka;¾cd;sl ihsn¾ kS;sh
2.                  Cyber Criminal Law  fyj;a ihsn¾ wmrdo kS;sh
3.                  Law of E-Commerce  fyj;a ihsn¾ jdksc lghq;= ms,sno kS;sh
4.                  Contract Law in Cyberspace fyj;a ihsn¾ .súiqï kS;sh
5.                  Freedom of expression fyj;a woyia m,lsrSfï udkj whs;sh ms,sno ihsn¾ kS;sh
6.                  Intellectual Property Law  fyj;a nqoaosuh foam, ms,sno ihsn¾ kS;sh
7.                  Privacy  fyj;a fm!oa.,sl;ajh ms,sno ihsn¾ kS;sh
8.                  Law of Telemedisine fyj;a fg,sffjoh fiajh ms,sno kS;sh
9.                  Lible and Defamation fyj;a wmydi kS;sh

wdoS jIfhks' mrs.kl kS;sfha úfIaI;ajh kï th fndfyda úg foaISh;ajfhka Tíng f.dia cd;Hka;r kS;sh iu. w;aje,a neo .ekSuhs' Bg fya;=j jkafka fndfydaúg mrs.kl lghq;= bkag¾fkÜ ( Internet ) fyj;a iqmsrscd,h u.ska c;hka;rj jhdma; ùuhs' mrs.kl f,dalfha ihsn¾ wjldIh ;=, foaI iSud fkdue;' fï ksid cd;hka;r kS;sho ( International Law ) m%;sks¾udkh fjñka mj;S' foaISh jIfhko mrs.kl yd úoahq;a ikaksfõok lghq;= md,kh lsrsu ms,sno wosldrS wdh;k msysgqùu ioyd ta ta rchka úiska fndfyda mk;a yÿkajdfokq ,efí' YS% ,xldfõ úÿ,s ixfoaI kshdul fldñIka indj fuhg ;rul ksoiqkls' tu wosldrS wdh;k hgf;a ;j;a wkq wdh;k /ila msysgqjkq ,efí' weursld tlai;a ckmofha mrs.kl wmrdo ms,sno fmd,sia tallh Bg ksoiqkla jkafkah' fuu wdh;khkag fmr fkdjq úrE ffk;sl n,;, mejrSuo iEu rglgu mdfya fmdÿ ,laIkhls' tu ksid hï rgl mrs.kl lghq;= ms,sno wosldrshla " tu rfÜ ckcSú;h ms,sno mq¨,a n,mEula l,yels ;j;a n,dhd;khla fyj;a fofjks wdkavqjla f,i ls%hd lsrSug bv we; 'tfukau tu foaYSh wosldrS wdh;k fjk;a rgj, msysá tnÿu wdh;k iu. rdch ;dka;s%l uÜgfï ióm ino;d mj;ajd .kS'

mrs.kl wmrdo kS;sh ;j;a wkqwxI .kkdjla hgf;a ú.%y l, yelsfõ' fâgka úIaj úohd,Sh kS;s mSgfha uydpdrjreka fofofkl= úiska ilik ,o msgq 144 muk iukaú; jk " mrs.kl wmrdo ms,sno wdo¾I okavkS;s ix.%yfha oelafjk [3] uq,sl j¾.Slrkh fufiahs'

1'    Non-Sexual Crimes Against Persons
 fyj;a mqoa.,hkag tfrysj flfrk ,sx.sluh fkdjk wmrdo
2.      Sexual Crimes           ,sx.sl wmrdo
3.                  Crimes Involving Intrusions and Property Damage
(Other than Theft)
fyj;a foam, j,g tfrys wmrdo
4.                  Fraud and Theft Crimes       fyj;a jxpdj yd fidrlu ms,sno wmrdo
5.                  Forgery                 fyj;a wksis msgm;a lsrSï
6.                  Crimes Against the Government     fyj;a rchg tfrys jeros
7.                  Gambling and Other Offenses Against Morality
fyj;a iqÿj yd iodpdrhg tfrys fjk;a jeros


mrs.kl iy bkag¾fkÜ fhdodf.k mqoa.,hkag tfrysj flfrk ,sx.sluh fkdjk wmrdo hg;g jefgj jroj,a fufiahs' ókSuerSï wdoS m%lD;s f,dalfha flfrk wmrdo ioyd ikaksfõok l%uhla f,i mrs.kl fhdod.ekSu" osúkid.ekSï wdoS wmrdo ioyd mqoa.,hkaj fm,USu " wmrdo ioyd wjIh f;dr;=re iïmdokh" bkag¾fkÜ yd Bfï,a Uiafia lrk ;on, ysrsyer yd nh.ekaùï" uki úlD;s lrk jevigyka ks¾udkh" ie.jqkq leurd u.ska leurd.; lrk ,sx.sl ls%hd iy fjk;a f;dr;kerUSug lghq;= lsrSu" Bfï,a mksúv wh;d mrsyrkh" Bfï,a fndaïn tùu fyj;a tljr w;súId, m%udkhl Bfï,a tùu u.ska mrs.kl moao;s ìooeóu" jeros f;dr;=re ikaksfõokh yd mrs.kl j,g wkjirfhka we;=,aùu" fm!oa.,sl;ajhg ydkslsrSu " wkqkaf.a wjirjpk fy,sorjq lsrSu wdosh mrs.kl wmrdo kS;sh u.ska yÿkd.;a tu jroj,a fjhs'

mqoa.,hkag tfrysj flfrk ,sx.sluh mrs.kl wmrdo fufia oelaúh yelsh' bkag¾fkÜ ;=, ,uhska iïnkaofldg flfrk jeros" ,uhska .ksld jD;a;sfha fhoùu ms,sno jeros" ,sx.sl o¾Ik j, fhfok ,uhskaf.a winh cdhdrEm yd tu Ñ;%má cdjdru" ,uhska fmd,Ujd.ekSu yd wksl=;a ,ud wmpdr " ,ud wmpdrh ioyd f;dr;=re yqjudre lsrSu" iqmsrscd,h u.ska ,uhskag ,sx.sl ysrsyer lsrSu" winh oE Bfï,a u.ska heùu" .ksld jD;a;Ah iïnkao ish¨u jeros yd bkag¾fká yryd lrk wksl=;a ,sx.sl jeros wdosh mrs.kl wmrdo kS;shg we;=,;a fjhs'

foam, j,g tfrysj lrk mrs.kl wmrdohkao /ila fjhs' mrs.kl j,g wkjirfhka we;=,aùu" tfia we;=,aùug ;e;alsrSu yd fm,Uùu" mrs.kl.; f;dr;=re wkjirfhka nqla;súoSu fyda wh;dmrsyrkh" fÉ;kdkaú;j mrs.kl lghq;= wjq,alsrSu" mrs.kl wmrdo ms,sno f;dr;=re jika lsrSu" mrs.kl ks¾udk jekiSu" fjí wvú fj; bf,lafg%dksla m%ydr t,a, lsrSu u.ska tu fjí wvúj, wka;¾.;h úlD;s lsrSu fyda iïmQ¾kfhkau fjí wvúh úkdI lsrSu" cd,moao;s ìooeóu" mrs.kl ffjri ksmoùu yd fnodyerSu" mrs.kl Wmlrk wh;d f,i mrsyrkh yd wkjir nqla;sh" Wmlrk j, fjkialï isÿlsrSu yd úkdi lsrSu" mrs.kl Wmlrk^oDvdx. & ms,sno fjk;a jeros wdosh foam,j,g tfrysj lrk mrs.kl wmrdo j,ska iaj,amhls'

woyia m,lsrSfï udkj whs;sh ms,sno ihsn¾ kS;sh hkq mj;sk udkj ysñlï kS;sfhau iq¨ ixfIdaokhls' idudkh woyia m,lsrSfï udkj ysñlug we;=,;a iuyr wx. ihsn¾ wjldYh ;=, ;ykï foa ùug bv we;s w;r idudkh woyia m,lsrSfï udkj ysñlug we;=,;a fkdjk whs;Ska iuyrla ihsn¾ wjldYh ;=, udkj ysñlï jkq we;af;ah' ikaksfõok l%uhla jYfhka bkag¾fkÜ iqmsrs cd,h md,kh lsrSu yd m%ñ;slrkh iïnkaofhka rchl nQñldj ljrlaoehs hkak" woyia m,lsrSfï udkj whs;sh ms,sno ihsn¾ kS;shg úioSug we;s m%Iakhhs' tkï lsishï rchla

1' mrudosm;hfhl= f,i (as SOVEREIGN)
2' fiajdfhdaclfhl= f,i (as EMPLOYER)
3' mrs.kl iïm;a iy wksl=;a foam, ysñlrefjl= f,i  (as PROPRIETOR)
4' m%d;ñl yd oaú;Sl woahdmk fiajd imhkafkl= f,i  (as K-12 EDUCATOR
5' úIajúohd, woahdmk fiajd imhkafkl= f,i (as UNIVERSITY EDUCATOR)
6' m%ldIlfhl= f,i (as SUBSIDIZER or SPEAKER)

wdoS jIfhka iqmsrs mrs.kl cd,h ;=, flfia yeisrSh hq;=o hk lrek " ;u rfÜ fkdj cd;hka;rj ms,s.;a yd cd;hka;r jIfhka ixj¾okh jq udkj ysñlï kS;sh weiqfrys ú.%y ùu" Wla; ihsn¾ kS;sfha moku fjhs'
tfukau mrs.klh we;=,; ks¾udkh jk l,ams; f,dalh fyj;a ihsn¾ wjldIh (Cyberspace) hkq ienúkau nqoaosuh foam, iïndrhla jkafkah' Iíoh" rEmh yd iam¾Ih hk ixfõokhkag f.dapr jk ish¨u wdldrfha ñksia ks¾udk bkag¾fkÜ ;=, wvx.= fjhs' tkï bkag¾fkÜ Tiafia ix.S;ahg ijkaoSu" kjl;djla lshùu" .=jkaúÿ,shg ijkaoSu" Ñ;%máhla fyda rEmjdysksh fyda cdhdrEm m%o¾Ikhla kerUSu" fjk;a rgl mj;ajk únd.hlag tu wjia;dfõoSu ;u rfÜ we;s ;u mrs.klh Uiafia ms,s;=re ,sùu" ;s%udk wdlD;s iys; f,dalfha m%lg fl!;=ld.dr fj; l,ams; ixpdrhla lsrSu " fkdñf,a ndId mrsj¾;kh lr.ekSu wdoS iqjyila lghq;= isÿl, yelsh' tu ish,a, jq l,S wxls; ix{dj,g fmr¨kq ñksia ks¾udkhkah' tajdg wod, iuyr mrs.kl jevigykaj, fj,om, jákdlu remsh,a fldaá úiaila fyda ;syla úh yelsh' tu ks¾udkj, whs;slrejkaf.a whs;sjdislï /lSu ioyd nqoaosuh foam, ms,sno ihsn¾ kS;sh ks¾udkh ù mj;S'

j¾;udkfha jhdmdrsl f,dalfhys ckms%h ù we;s mrs.kl.; iy cd,.; nexl= moao;sh " fläÜ ldâm;a yd iajhxlS%h fg,¾hka;% ldâm;a fukau oeka oeka jhdma; jk bf,lafg%dksla uqo,a (E-cash) wdosh ksid ñksidf.a wd¾;sl .kqfokq j, isÿù we;s fmr,sh fya;=fldg tajd md,kh lsrSug kj mrs.kl kS;Ska ìysù ;sfí' ñksfil=g tla laIkhlska ;u uqo,a .skqulska .skqulg fyda nexlejlska fjk;a nexl=jlg udre l,yels ;;ajhloS nÿ whlsrSu (Taxation) wdoS wxI ;=, idïm%odhsl kS;s j,g meje;aula ke;' tfiau ;u wkkh;dj bosrsm;a lrk" w;aika fjkqjg bf,lafg%dksla w;aika (Digital Signatures) ks;shdkql=, lsrSu;a fj,o ,l=kq (Trademarks) wdosh cd;hka;rj wkq.; fldg wdrlaId lsrSu;a mrs.kl kS;shg ndr lghq;a;ls' furg ;=, mjd fï jkúg lvm,g fkdf.dia bkag¾fkÜ ndú;d lrñka ndkav ñ,g .ekSu ioyd ihsn¾ lv újD; ù ;sfí'

m%jdykh fkdjeo.;a jk ;rug ñksia ikaksfõokh oshqkq jk 21 jk ishjfiaoS we;sjk ;j;a m%n,u w¾nqohla jkafka ;ks ;ks jIfhka ;ukaf.a fm!oa.,sl;ajh /l.ekSuhs' ish¨ f;dr;=re lvodis j, fkdj úoahq;a odrdj,g mejrSu ksid tu f;dr;=re úÿ,s fõ.fhka wjIh whg ,efnkjd fukau úÿ,sfõ.fhkau wkjIh whg ,eîugo yelsh' ;u fm!oa.,sl f;dr;=re uq¨ f,dalhd fj; ksrdjrkh jk úg mqoa.,fhl=g isÿúh yels ydksh fnfyú' my; wjia:d hgf;a fuys,d úfIaI mrs.kl kS;s ielfihs'

1.      Access to Data and Services                     fyj;a o;a; iy fiajd fj; m%fõI ùu ms,sno ;;ajh
2.      Access to Health Care Information •       
fyj;a mqoa.,hkaf.a fi!lhh f;dr;=re fj; m%fõIùu ms,sno ;;ajh
3.      Access to Other Personal Information
fyj;a fjk;a mqoa.,sl f;dr;=re fj; m%fõIùu ms,sno ;;ajh
4.      Anonymity                                    fyj;a ks¾kdñlj fmkS isàug bv ie,iSu ms,sno ;;ajh
5.      Attorney-Client Privilege              fyj;a kS;s{h iy fiajdodhl jrm%ido ms,sno ;;ajh
6.      Wiretap                                         fyj;a ÿrl;k ixjdohkag fidfrka weyqïlkaoSu
7.      Workplace Privacy                                    fyj;a /lshdia;dkh ms,sno mqoa.,sl;ajh

by; ;;ajhkaf.ka iuyrla ksoiqka u.ska meyeos,s l, yelsh' ;ud fmf,k nrm;, frda.hla ms,snoj wkaflfkl= oek.kakjdg lsisu mqoa.,fhl= leu;s fkdfõ' úfIaIfhkau cSú; rlaIk iud.ï fyda /lshdia;dkhka fj;ska ;u frda.dndo jika lsrSug ñksiqka wmuk fjfyi .kS' wo mjd b;d nrm;, fm!oa.,sl f;dr;=re mukla fkdj we;eï úg ;u ,smskh mjd fjfkfll=g ,ndoSug fmr fojrla is;Sug isÿfjhs' tfy;a mrs.kl f,dalh ;=, "úfIaIfhka bkag¾fkÜ ;=, wkqkaf.a l=kq weúiaiSu ;u jD;a;sh fldg.;a msrsia nyq,h' Ujqka iuyr úgloS wiSñ; úohq;a Wml%uhkaf.ka woswdrlaIdjg m;al, weursldkq ryia T;a;=fiajfha f;dr;=re .nvd fj;o wkjirfhka msúfihs' fuu ;;ajhka j,lajkq ,nkafka fm!oa.,sl;ajh ms,sno mrs.kl kS;sh u.sks' úfIaIfhkau jhdmdrsl ryia /l.ekSfuys,d Wjukd jk kS;Ska ks¾udkh ù we;' YS% ,xldj ;=,o rch úiska cd;sl yeÿkqïm;a yd fjk;a mqoa.,hka ,shdmosxÑ lsrSfï f;dr;=re;a m%odk frday,a úiska ;u frda.Skaf.a f;dr;=re;a mrs.kl.; lsrSug ierfik nj oek.kakg we;s w;r tu f;dr;=rej, wdrlaIdj ms,snojo oeä wjodkhla oelaùug isÿjkq we;'

fg,sfuäiska fyj;a fg,sffjoh fiajh ms,sno kS;sh úuiSug fmr  fg,sffjoh fiajh hkq ljrlaoehs fláfhka meyeos,s lr.; hq;=h' ikaksfõok l%u j, oshqkqj ksid j¾;udkfhaoS ffjohjrekag yd frda.Skag uqyqkg uqyqk,d yuqfkdù mrs.klh yd iqmsrscd,h Tiafia ffjoh fiajd meje;aùug yelshdj ,eî ;sfí' ta wkqj frda.sfhl=g ÿrneyerg fyda msgrglg fkdf.dia wka rgl ffjohjrfhl= ,jd ;u frda.h ksIaph lr.ekSug;a m%;sldr imhd.ekSug;a yelsh' fuysoS hï frda.sfhl=" ;u mrs.klh bosrsfha ffjohjrfhl= f,i fmkS isák jxpkslfhl=f.ka m%;sldr .;fyd;a l=ulafõo@ tfyhska fg,sfuäiska fiajh jhdma; ùu;a iu. rgla úiska fg,sffjoh fiajh md,kh lsrSug;a l%uj;a lsrSug;a úúo wosldrS wdh;k yd kS;s yÿkajdfokq ,efí'

mrs.kl weiqfrka f.dvke.S we;s iqmsrs ikaksfõok cd,h jQ l,S f,dj fuf;la ìysù we;s m%n,;u ck ikaksfõok l%uh fjhs' ta wkqj mrs.klh yryd l, yels wmydihl ;ruo tmukskau m%n, fjhs' i;=frl= úiska bf,lafgdaksla l%uhg ;kk ,o Tfí lduql ksrej;a cdhdrEmhla bkag¾fkÜ ;=,g we;=,al,fyd;a th uq¨ f,dju bosrsfha m%o¾Ikh jkq we;' t;eka mgka Tn .ksld jD;a;shg leu;soehs úuik ,sms yd ÿrl;k mksúv j,ska Ung wiajeis,a,lao fkdjkq we;' fujka úgloS cd;hka;r uÜgñka n,.ekafjk wmydi kS;shla Tfí /ljrkh fjkqfjka mej;sh hq;= fjhs'
fï wkqj mrs.kl kS;sfha yevrej Tng jgyd.; yelsh' hful=g mrs.kl iu. lsisu ino;djhla fkd;snqko mrs.kl kS;sh ms,sno oekqj;aj isàu jeo.;a nj wjika jIfhka igyka l, yelsh'




[1] See; http://libservb.ukc.ac.uk/library/netinfo/intnsubg/lawlinks.htm
[2] See, http://www.jura.uni-augsburg.de/international/index.htm
[3] Professor Susan Brenner, Professor Rebecca Cochran, University of Dayton School of Law

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